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  1. Muhammad Abduh
    Muhammad AbduhGrand Mufti of Egypt
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    Muhammad Abduh - Wikipedia

    • Muḥammad ʿAbduh (also spelled Mohammed Abduh; Arabic: محمد عبده; 1849 – 11 July 1905) was an Egyptian Islamic scholar, judge, and Grand Mufti of Egypt. He was a central figure of the Arab Nahḍa and Islamic Modernism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He began teaching advanced students esoteric Islamic texts at Al-Azhar University while he was still studying there. Fr…

    Biography

    Muḥammad ʿAbduh was born in 1849 to a father with Turkish ancestry and an Egyptian mother in the Nile Delta. His family was … See more

    Thought

    I went to the West and saw Islam, but no Muslims; I got back to the East and saw Muslims, but not Islam.— Muḥammad ʿAbduh (alleged)
    Muḥammad ʿAbduh argued that Muslims could not si… See more

    Born1849 · Shubra Khit, Egypt
    Died11 July 1905 (aged 56) · Alexandria, Egypt
    Cause of deathRenal cell carcinoma
    How Muhammad Abduh reshaped Islam in the modern world
    How Muhammad Abduh reshaped Islam in the modern world
    Muhammad Abduh was an Egyptian reformer and scholar in the 1800s. He followed Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, who opposed colonialism and called for religious renewal.
    Relationship with Freemasonry

    Since the 19th century, Freemasonry and its semi-secret organizational structure provided an open forum for the discussion and exchange of ideas between Egyptians from various social-economic backgrounds in Egypt, a… See more

    ʿAbduh and the Baháʼí Faith

    Like his teacher, ʿAbduh was associated with the Baháʼí Faith, which had made deliberate efforts to spread the faith to Egypt, establishing themselves in Alexandria and Cairo beginning in the late 1860s. In p… See more

    Works

    Comments on Peak of Eloquence
    Al-Urwah al-Wuthqa
    Other works by Muhammad `Abduh
    • (1897) Risālat al-tawḥīd ("Treatise on the oneness of … See more

    Further reading

    Christopher de Bellaigue, "Dreams of Islamic Liberalism" (review of Marwa Elshakry, Reading Darwin in Arabic, 1860–1950), The New York Review of Books, vol. LXII, no. 10 (4 June 2015), pp. 77–78.… See more

     
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